Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech - 1849 Words

Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was born into a society that treated him inferior to white people just because he was African-American. As a bright young boy in a diminishing culture, his father reassured him that he was just as good as anyone else. He was determined to work hard, and demonstrate his equality regardless of race. He set out to be the best he could be and graduated high school at the early age of fifteen. Martin Luther King Jr. then went to the distinguished school; Morehouse College, where he received a B.A. in 1948. After that he ended up enrolled in graduate studies at Boston University, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953. In 1957, Dr. Martin Luther†¦show more content†¦Ethos is defined as â€Å"the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker.† â€Å"Aristotle tells us that three things Inspire confidence in the rhetors [speakers/writers] own character-the three, namely, that induce us to believe a thing apart from any proof of it: good sense, good moral character, and goodwill.† Martin Luther King establishes all three concepts that Aristotle reveals to us, and in King’s speech he uses good morals frequently because he is apart of the African-American society and relates to everything that is happening. Martin Luther King Jr. establishes ethos throughout his famous â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech and we can see this through his first statement that says â€Å"I am happy to join with you today,† this quotation shows that he is not just another speaker, he is a man that is feeling and has felt what the people are going through. He then later goes on and states that â€Å"We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.† Martin Luther King Jr. uses the word â€Å"we† in his speech thirty-two times and this proves that he is using ethos by connecting with the audience, and showing them thatShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1538 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr.’s legacy is one that is hard to forget due to the impact he had on thousands of African-American individuals and American society as a whole. Martin Luther King Jr. was a pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, however, King is best known for his contributions to the civil rights movement as an activist. One of his most renown works would be his â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. During a dark period in America, people of colour were still being oppressed and held at a lowerRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech989 Words   |  4 Pages† Because this is one of the most influential quotes of all-time, Martin Luther King Jr. did not fail to expound on her statement. In his life as well as Martin Luther King Jr.’s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, he was an avid and determined African American striving for racial equality. He allowed for others to follow his lead and to continue his legacy as the U.S con tinues to live on as a nation of freedom, liberty, and security. King’s presentation addresses the African American race, expressing a daringRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1031 Words   |  5 Pagesanything.† Being one of the influential quotes of all-time, Martin Luther King Jr. did not fail to expound on her statement. In his life as well as Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, he was an avid and determined African American striving for racial equality. He allowed for others to follow his lead, and to continue his legacy as the U.S continues to live on as a nation of freedom, liberty, and a home of safe living. King’s presentation addresses the African American race, expressingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1230 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but veryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis M.L.K â€Å"I have a dream† Speech On August 28th 1963, Civil Rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. made his infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In the speech, King confronts the mistreatment of the African American community and the lack of free will they contain in society. Throughout the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement took place, influenced by centuries of cruelty towards the African Americans.. The most influential speech in the modern era was said in front of thousands ofRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1751 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was made to thousands of people at the Washington Monument while facing the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Dr. King called upon Americas to consider all people, both black and white, to be united, undivided and free. His rhetoric harkened back a hundred years past when the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted during Abraham Lincoln’s term as presid ent which abolished slavery and allowed all people living in America to be equal and have equalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech852 Words   |  4 Pages I Have A Dream is a mesmerizing speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was delivered to the thousands of Americans on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. Aimed at the entire nation, King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice towards the mistreated African Americans and to stand up together for the rights afforded to African American under the Constitution. To further convey this purpose more effectively, King cleverly makes use of theRead MoreLiterary Techniques of Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1223 Words   |  5 Pagesago, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous I Have a Dream speech. This speech demanded racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. The theme of the speec h was that all humans were created equal and that this should be the case for the future of America. Kings words proved to touch the hearts of millions of people and gave the nation a vocabulary to express what was happening to the black Americans. This did not happen by chance. Martin Luther Kings speech

Rosetta Stone Free Essays

Ensure your computer is NOT hooked to the internet. If you have PowerISO, or a similar utility, skip to step 3 Step 1 -Install Power ISO Step 2 -Run Power ISO and click to continue unregistered. -Choose the large icon â€Å"mount† gt;gt; â€Å"set Number of drives† gt;gt; â€Å"1 drives† Step 3 -Mount: â€Å"The Rosetta Stone Version 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Rosetta Stone or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0. 35†³ Step 4 -Navigate to My Computer if The Rosetta Stone does not automatically load -Double Click on â€Å"RS_App† -Follow Install Instruction -Launch â€Å"Rosetta Stone V3† -DO NOT Check for updates -Quit Rosetta StoneStep 5 -Delete a file called tracking. db3 -Location: For XP users -gt; C: gt;gt; Document and Settings gt;gt; All Users gt;gt; Application Data For Vista Users -gt; C: gt;gt; Program Data gt;gt; The Rosetta Stone -If any of these folders are hidden in Vista, choose: organize gt;gt; folder and Search options gt;gt; view gt;gt; show hidden files and folders -If any of these folders are hidden in XP, right click where the missing folder is and choose: folder options gt;gt; view gt;gt; show hidden files and folders Step 6 -Run Rosetta Stone -DO NOT Check for updates -Quit Rosetta StoneStep 7 -Install The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 0. 57 (Update 1) – -Follow installation instructions -DO NOT update Step 8 -Install The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 2. 11 (Update 2) -Follow installation instructions -DO NOT update Step 9 -Right Click on The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 2. 11 Patch -choose â€Å"copy† -paste in the Rosetta Stone Directory at C:Program FilesRosetta StoneRosetta Stone V3 -double click on The Rosetta Stone Version 3. 2. 11 Patch -A pop up will appear and say: â€Å"Activation area replaced with â€Å"minor error†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Click ‘OK’ enjoy :)† -click on â€Å"Patch† Step10 Install Laguage Files by: -Run The Rosetta Stone choose: install Language -navigate to the Rosetta Stone Content Folder -right click on the first language to be installed gt;gt; â€Å"Power ISO† gt;gt; â€Å"mount image to Drive []† -click â€Å"ok† at the Rosetta Stone Istallation screen -follow Rosetta Stone installation Instrutions -at completion, choose â€Å"continue† -choose DO NOT UPDATE -choose NEVER when prompted to register the software -click â€Å"OK† when an 2002 error pops up Step 11 -Install further language files by following the procedures in step 10 after selecting to install ano ther language A Reminder: NEVER NEVER NEVER Update this software for any reason. Enjoy! qwerqwefqwerq How to cite Rosetta Stone, Papers

Taxation Law Mobilization and Trade Integration

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law for Mobilization and Trade Integration. Answer: Introduction: Section 6-5 of Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) 1997 contains income as per ordinary concepts. An individual, who is an Australian resident, is required to assess the taxable income by including ordinary incomes acquired directly or indirectly from different sources of income. Ordinary income for the purpose of tax is derived from three sources, firstly, income from personal efforts that includes salary or remuneration income and wages income. Secondly, income from assets and properties including rental income from property, dividends and interest income from shares and securities are included in ordinary income. Thirdly, ordinary income also includes income from conducting a business operation in the form of retail sales, wholesale, farming etc (Fleischer, 2015). In the present case, Peta owned a house in Kew, Australia for the purpose of residence in one unit and the other unit i.e. tennis court for the purpose of sale at profit. During the current tax year, Peta received an offer to sell the courts at good condition. She spent $100,000 for the renovation of tennis court and sold it at $600,000 in the current tax year. As per the explanations on assessable income in ITAA97, sale of property is considered to be an ordinary income if it constitutes a business of the taxpayer. Further, if the intention of the taxpayer at the time of acquiring the property is not to earn profit from the sale of the asset then the profit on proceeds cannot be considered as ordinary income (Grubert Altshuler, 2016). Considering the decided case of The Myer Emporium Ltdv. FC of T (1987) 163 CLR 199 classification of profit on sale of property had been decided according to the nature and purpose of the transaction. In case the property is sold out with the profit making intention then the receipt sale proceeds cannot be regarded as revenue income. Accordingly, the profit earned from the sale proceeds would be considered as capital income and not ordinary income under section 6-5 of ITAA97 (Auerbach Hassett, 2015). Further, in the decided case of Whitfords Beach Pty. Ltd. v. FC of Taxation (1982) 150 CLR 355 it has been a rgued that a mere earning of profit from investment cannot be called as income. If the taxpayer realizes the sale proceeds of the asset or investment in a way to obtain best price then also the income would not be considered as ordinary income. Therefore, such income would be considered as statutory or capital income that is not assessable under section 6-5 of ITAA97 (Ho Wang, 2015). In the present situation, income from sale of property unit, tennis court gives rise to two situation, firstly, intention and purpose of Peta to sell the property and secondly, nature of the property transaction. It is mentioned that the purpose of acquisition of the house was to build and sell the units in tennis court at a profit. On the contrary, the asset acquired by Peta also constitutes investment as the other part of the house she used for residential purpose. Considering the decided case of McCorkell v. FC of Taxation98 ATC 2199 on profit from sale of subdivided land, it was decided by the court that since the applicant was not involved in the business of subdivision and sale of land, the realization of profit was not an ordinary income (Mehrotra Ott, 2016). Similarly, in case of Peta, it has been observed that she is not involved in carrying on a business of construction and sale of housing units. On the other hand, her intention of acquisition of the house two years back was to earn profit from sale of units of house. Hence, if the nature of acquisition of house property by Peta is considered then, the sale of tennis unit would not be regarded as an ordinary income under section 6-5 ITAA 97. The receipt of $600,000 would be constituted as capital receipt and not to be included in the assessable income. However, if the intention and purpose of acquisition of property by Peta is given the priority, then the receipt of $600,000 shall be included in the assessable income as an ordinary receipt under section 6-5 ITAA 97. The amount of $600,000 would be assessed for taxability by considering the deduction on expenses $100,000 incurred by Peta to renovate the tennis court in good condition. Hence, the balance amount $500,000 would be taxable in the hands of Peta as per ITAA97 section 6-5. Consequences of Fringe Benefit Tax The present solution reflects the consequences of Fringe Benefit Tax as per the Taxation Ruling 97/17 of Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) 1997. The consequences are also in pursuance with Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 for the year ending 31st March 2016 in the books of ABC Pty Ltd. which provided several benefits his employee Alan. Fringe benefit means certain advantages and benefits provided by employer to the employees of the organization (Nijland Dijst, 2015). Employer is liable to pay tax on such benefits at the rate specified by the Australian Taxation Office that is computed on the gross- taxable value provided to the employees. In order to determine the taxable value, two types of gross up rates are considered i.e. higher gross- up rates knows as type 1 while the other is lower gross up rate known as type 2 (Hodgson Pearce, 2015). Higher gross up rate or type 1 is applicable to the assessees paying Goods and Services Tax (GST) for the benefits provided by them to the employees. Such taxpayers are entitled to claim credit on GST, which is known as Gross Credible Benefits. On the contrary, lower gross up rate or type 2 is applicable to the taxpayers not entitled to claim credits on GST against the benefits provided to the employees (Ahmad Scott, 2015). Moreover, several benefits that are provided by the organizations or employers to the employees are exempted benefits whereas certain benefits are taxable if the value of benefits exceeds the specified limits in the ITAA 97. For instance payment of remuneration and wages, benefits provided on house rent allowance in remote area tools and electronic gadgets including mobile phones that are related to work, and laptops are not taxable (Tang Wan, 2015). Therefore, the fringe benefit tax consequences for the advantages provided by ABC Pty Ltd. are as follows: Salary $300,000 under remuneration package: It is taxable in the hands of the employee Mr. Alan, during the current tax year 31st March 2016. Since the payment of remuneration by employer falls under the exempted fringe benefit scheme, ABC is not liable to pay fringe benefit tax on salary $300,000 as per TR97/17 ITAA 97. Payment of mobile phone bill: The payment of bill amounted to $220 per month made by ABC Limited that included GST while the phone was used by Alan for the purpose of work only. Exemption on mobile phone expense is available whereas the regular payment of bill amount is not exempted from fringe benefit tax (Chadarava Raval, 2015). Therefore, ABC Limited is liable to pay fringe benefit tax @49% on the assessable value for the year ended 31st March 2016. Further, higher gross up rate would be applicable to determine the assessable value because the company is entitled to claim input credits. Phone bill allowance (including GST) (i) $ 2,640.00 ($220.00* 12 months) Higher Gross up rate (ii) 2.1463 Taxable amount of allowance (i* ii) $ 5,666.232 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 5,666.232 as on 31 March, 2016 $ 2,776.453 (Subject to the input tax credits or GST credits) Payment of Alans children education fees: The Company made annual payment amounted to $20,000 for the education fees, which does not include GST. Considering the TR97/17 ITAA 97, the payment would be taxable as fringe benefit tax to be assessed by applying lower gross up rate. Education fees (GST free) (i): $ 20,000.00 Lower gross- up rate (ii): 1.9608 Taxable value (i* ii) $ 39,216.00 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 39,216.00 as on 31 March 2016 $ 19,215.84 Mobile phone handset: ABC Limited provided a mobile handset to Alan values $2,000 that includes GST. According to the provisions in FBTAA 1986 and TR97/17 ITAA97, benefits provided by employer with respect to tools or electronic gadgets for work purpose, then value of such benefits or advantage will be exempted from the taxability of fringe benefits (Jibrin, Ejura Augustine, 2015). In the present situation, it is not clearly mentioned that the mobile handset provided by ABC Ltd. to Alan has been provided for work purpose or personal use or for both purpose. Hence, the tax consequence has been provided considering all the three situations: Option 1: If the phone has been provided by the organization for only work purpose then ABC Ltd. is not liable to pay tax on the value of phone because it falls under the exempted fringe benefit scheme. Option 2: If the phone has been provided for personal use then the assessable value would be determined by using higher gross up rate because the cost of handset in inclusive of GST. Cost of the handset (including GST) (i) $ 2,000.00 Higher Gross up rate (ii) 2.1463 Taxable value (i* ii) $ 4,292.60 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 4,292.60 as on 31 March 2016 $ 2,103.37 (Subject to the input tax credits or GST credits) Option 3: If the phone is provided for partial use for work and partial for personal use then the amount used for work would be exempted from fringe benefit tax while amount for personal use would be taxable. However, the bifurcation of the amount is provided hence, it has been assumed that the phone is used for personal purpose. Therefore, the assessable value and taxable amount would be same as determined in the option 2. Dinner party at the year-end: The Company arranged a dinner party for the employees and their partners at the end of the financial year at a local restaurant. According to Australian Taxation System, this expenditure made by ABC Ltd falls under the head entertainment by way of food and drink allowance (Gupta Sawyer, 2015). Therefore, ABC Limited is liable to pay fringe benefit tax on the dinner expense and the number of employees attendance at the party is not relevant. Computation of fringe benefit tax for the year ended 31st March 2016 Total cost of dinner including GST (i) $ 6,600.00 Higher Gross up rate (ii) 2.1463 Taxable value (i* ii) $14,165.58 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 14,165.58 $ 6,941.13 (Subject to the input tax credits or GST credits) Tax consequences if ABC Ltd had 5 employees Measurement of fringe benefit tax does not depend on the benefit provided to number of employees but depends on the nature and purpose of use of such benefit provided to the employees. Therefore, the taxability of benefits for entertainment by way of food and drink provided by the organization would not depend on the attendance of number of employees. As per TR97/17 ITAA 97, the taxability for the expenses on dinner hosted by ABC would be same as computed in answer (a) even if the company had only 5 employees instead of 20 employees. Tax consequence if clients of the organization also attended the dinner party In case the organizations clients also attend the dinner party then the tax consequences for the cost of dinner would be different from that of determined in the answer (a). Since the fringe benefit scheme is applicable only for the employees, expenses incurred for the clients would not qualify for fringe benefit. Expensed incurred for the clients would be considered as business expense. Further, it is difficult to segregate the dinner expense incurred for the employees and clients (Chadarava Raval, 2015). Therefore, the entire cost of dinner incurred by ABC would be considered as general deduction to measure the assessable income. While the tax on fringe benefit as derived in solution (a) $ 6,941.13 would be tax saving for ABC Ltd. Reference List: Ahmad, R., Scott, N. (2015). Fringe benefits and organisational commitment: the case of Langkawi hotels.Tourism Review,70(1), 13-23. Auerbach, A. J., Hassett, K. (2015). Capital taxation in the twenty-first century.The American Economic Review,105(5), 38-42. Chadarava, P. D., Raval, D. S. (2015). Flipkart. com-Creating a Blue Ocean in Indian Retail E-Commerce Business.BIOINFOLET-A Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences,15(3), 191-202. Fleischer, V. (2015). Two and Twenty Revisited: Taxing Carried Interest as Ordinary Income Through Executive Action Instead of Legislation.Available at SSRN 2661623. Grubert, H., Altshuler, R. (2016). Shifting the Burden of Taxation from the Corporate to the Personal Level and Getting the Corporate Tax Rate Down to 15 Percent.National Tax Journal,69(3). Gupta, R., Sawyer, A. J. (2015, November). The costs of compliance and associated benefits for small and medium enterprises in New Zealand: Some recent findings. InAustralian Tax Forum(Vol. 30). Ho, W. H., Wang, Y. (2015). Capital Income Taxation Revisited: The Roles of Information Friction and External Finance.Pacific Economic Review,20(2), 225-242. Hodgson, H., Pearce, P. (2015). TravelSmart or travel tax breaks: is the fringe benefits tax a barrier to active commuting in Australia? 1.eJournal of Tax Research,13(3), 819. Jibrin, M. S., Ejura, S. B., Augustine, N. I. (2015). System of Payroll in the Public Sector Administration.Asian Development Policy Review,3(1), 9-19. Mehrotra, A. K., Ott, J. C. (2016). WE ARE WHAT WE TAXTHE CURIOUS BEGINNINGS OF THE CAPITAL GAINS TAX PREFERENCE.Fordham L. Rev.,84, 2517-2989. Nijland, L., Dijst, M. (2015). Commuting-related fringe benefits in the Netherlands: Interrelationships and company, employee and location characteristics.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,77, 358-371. Tang, R., Wan, J. (2015). Fringe benefits tax and fly-in fly-out arrangements: John Holland Group Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation.Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal,34(1), 17. Ayapere, P. (2015). The Effect of Monetization on Federal Civil Servants in Nigeria.Public Policy and Administration Research,5(1), 103-135. Blaydes, L., Paik, C. (2015). The Impact of Holy Land Crusades on State Formation: War Mobilization, Trade Integration, and Political Development in Medieval Europe.International Organization, 1-36. Dewar, M., Seymour, E., DruȆºÃƒâ€žÃ†â€™, O. (2015). Disinvesting in the City The Role of Tax Foreclosure in Detroit.Urban Affairs Review,51(5), 587-615. Lanfranchi, J., Narcy, M. (2015). Female Overrepresentation in Public and Nonprofit Sector Jobs Evidence From a French National Survey.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,44(1), 47-74.

What Caused Succession Essay Sample free essay sample

Before the Civil War began in 1861. there were major factors that led to the sezession of the southern provinces. These factors affected the people of America enormously due to slavery and racial segregation. Three important factors that led the 11 southern provinces to splinter from the Union were emancipationists ( Doc. 5 ) . Kansa-Nebraska Act. and the election of 1860 ( Doc. 1 ) . During the period of slave being. emancipationists began to arise against the state of affairs ( Doc. 5 ) . Abolitionists were people who were against bondage and would take action by making something in their ain manner. One of the most known emancipationists was Harriet Beecher Stowe. In 1852. she wrote a book called â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin† that spoke about inkinesss populating on plantation. Another celebrated emancipationist was Harriet Tubman. She was called the â€Å"Moses of her people† and led runaway slaves towards the Underground Railroad. In the Compromise of 1850. a Fugitive Slave Law was put into consequence. We will write a custom essay sample on What Caused Succession? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This jurisprudence made Americans aid happen runaway slaves. This jurisprudence finally had people hunt for Harriet Tubman because of her important aid with the escaping of slaves. This jurisprudence was resented by the Northerners and caused struggle between the North and South. In 1854. the Kansas-Nebraska Act was an act that repealed the Missouri Compromise ( Doc. 5 ) . The Missouri Compromise was an understanding that allowed the province of Missouri to come in as a slave province ; all territory North of 36-30 latitude was considered a free province. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Senator Douglas ( Doc. 3 ) demanded to split the land West of Missouri into two districts. Kansas and Nebraska. There was a petition popular sovereignty ; this allowed the people to vote and make up ones mind if they wanted a free or slave province. Subsequently on. pro-slavery and anti-slavery protagonists traveled to Kansas to find the consequences f the first election after it was put into affect. When another election was held. the two groups argued and it led to force: dubing the province â€Å"Bleeding Kansas† . This act finally led to the find of the Republican Party. which opposed spread of bondage into the districts ( Doc. 6 ) . This consequence moved closer and cl oser to the Civil War. The last factor that led to the sezession was the election of 1860 ( Doc. 1 ) . During this election. four campaigners were running for president. First was Breckinridge. a Democrat and supported by Southerners. Second. Douglas who was a Democrat supported by the North. Third. J. Bell who was a Constitutional Union Party. Last. Lincoln who was a Republican and won most ballots from the North ( Doc. 4 ) . When Lincoln was elected President. the brotherhood was under Republican ends. These ends were high duties. transcontinental railway and maintaining slaves out of western districts. Once Lincoln was elected. the province of South Carolina seceded ( interrupt off ) . As Lincoln took office. the 11 southern provinces so seceded because the North is powerful and has more of a population ( Doc. 2 ) . Throughout the mid 1800’s. the indispensable events that had taken topographic point led to a dramatic alteration in the Union. The 11 southern provinces seceded and more significantly. caused the Civil War to get down. Those four old ages of combat and 1000000s of deceases led to desolation and permanent racial hatred consequences.

Comprehension Activities in Early Education

Comprehension Activities in Early Education Early learning classes for small children plays a big role in a student’s future advancement in education. This is every child’s base foundation in studies, and various learning skills must be developed in order to assist the child in his or her advancing classes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comprehension Activities in Early Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In comprehension reading, the teacher should start introducing a new text by employing pre-reading activities. This involves, taking them through the text structure and identifying pictures, diagrams and other visual things that might be available in the text. Images help in predicting on the text’s content. Varying colors and different graphic designs may be used in such text. These colors or designs suggest a descriptive work. One has to identify commonly used text structures in the comprehension, this enables one to know struc tural components used like descriptive, elements of cause and may be the effects brought out as a result of comparing two subjects. The teacher has to give a hint and guidance on areas where these text structures occur. Slow reading can be initiated in areas that need a lot of emphasis. Student’s or children’s participation is essential during reading because it helps in getting their response as well as evaluating their understanding. Reading aloud sentences and words helps a child much in getting the right pronunciation. It enables the word to stick in his or her mind permanently. Illustrational pictures enable the child to easily relate the words being taught and the actions being displayed by the pictures. Much time is saved on visualization and the message is conveyed effectively (Deborah, 2007). After reading a certain text, the child must be asked some questions regarding an article or passage. This enables the teacher to evaluate a child’s level of readi ng and understanding. Children can be grouped together in discussion and be allowed to learn from each other (Boardman, Vaughn, Klingner, 2007). Children should read the comprehension several times. They should be left to identify the major characters and whatever they are doing at each stage. This helps the children in coming up with characteristics of each character or subject in a comprehension. Use of pictures, illustrations and gesture is an important element in teaching language to little children. At times, it calls for the teacher to speak in a local language that will help them in understanding the comprehension clearly. Questions about the things happening now, things that happened, and those which might happen engages the child in reading a lot in order for him to find out what will be happening in the next stage (Boardman, Vaughn, Klingner, 2007). Graphic organizers can be used to analyze text structure in a given article or text. Some concepts are easier to understand using a diagram on a piece of paper than visualizing.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A child’s success in reading can also be supported by parents at home. This is initiated by short story books that parents read to their children before they go to sleep. Children should be introduced to the national learning language at an early stage, most probably, even before they join their first class. This enables them to have easy time while learning because they already understand the language being used by the teacher and text authors (Deborah, 2007). References Boardman, A., Vaughn, S., Klingner, J. (2007). Teaching reading comprehension to students with learning difficulties. New York: The guilford Press. Deborah, T.-A. (2007). Little Red Hen-Begin. Comprehension: Learning with Literature. New York: EDCON Publishing Group.

ING Life Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ING Life - Case Study Example This is because ING Life has done some investment in information and technology solutions through implementing the Val IT to ensure that the business organization gets a maximum return on it investment in information and technology. Limitations of using a public infrastructure (Internet) When deciding on what information and technology infrastructure to use it is important for a company to evaluate the content of the information which the handle. Since ING is an investment institution it usually handles information and data which might be sensitive in nature. One common dis advantage of using a public infrastructure for companies such as ING is that information is not secure and such companies are often targets of hacker. Public interfaces are easy to get in for professional hackers since they do not have complex security protocols and firewalls. For example, if an investment company uses public interface information technology solutions their customers might suffer from identity the ft since this information is usually contained in the company’s servers. ... ING’s public infrastructor solution is effective because though being public its access is only limited to specific ING partners internationally. Security is ensured by investing in solutions that will involve each partner ensuring that the public interface is secure on their end. However, this is not enough because its network systems can be still be hacked through systems such as sql injunctions which have happened to the organization specifically in Belgium. ING should invest in more secure infrastructures such as Vsat which will ensure direct communication of ING branches internationally in a secure manner since Vsat incorporates security protocols which are very effective. Vsat is an effective communication infrastructure because it incorporates both voice and data traffic. Vsat will give ING a onetime solutions in it communication and data due to the incorporation of voice and data traffic in the interface (Ramon, 2004). The company will also be able to control traffic s ince they will be in charge of their own network. By using advanced network solutions such as Vsat, Ing company will be able to link its local area networks and wide are network forming a mesh of different inter connected networks that cover the whole business establishment internationally (Elbert, 2004). The institution should also implement local area networks technologies that are secure, easy to maintain and reliable. For example, if the company invests in wireless local area networks it should consider hiring network security experts to ensure that their databases cannot be accesed by hackers since wireless networks are the most commonly hacked network since they can be harged from a distance (Bhaiji,

Leisure law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Leisure law - Assignment Example It was actually in Donoghue v. Stevenson, in which the concept of duty of care was significantly and formally conceptualized and developed. Hereby the court of law established some concrete tests which ought to be satisfied so as to establish the duty of care. However, it was actually in Caparo Industries v. Dickman that happens to be a prominent British Tort Law case, in which a tripartite test for establishing the duty of care was set up (Cane 1996). Dickman happened to be the auditors of the accounts of the company Fidelity plc, while Caparo Industries happened to be a company that purchased the shares of Fidelity plc. After purchasing the shares of Fidelity plc, Caparo Industries found out that the accounts prepared by Dickman at no time indicated or showed that the firm has been running into large losses. It needs to be mentioned that before Donohue v. Stevenson, the claimants had to verify the existent duty clause to achieve success. In contrast, the subsequent cases tried to o rganize and limit the tests given by Donohue v. Stevenson. Caparo Industries v. Dickman was a step in that direction. The court established that in case of Caparo Industries v. Dickman, for the emergence of care to arise in the cases of negligence, the three essential criteria needed to be verified: There is no denying the fact that human relationships tend to thrive under the aegis of a large and wide range of situations and circumstances. Hence, the very establishment of duty of care in any particular case may give way to many confusions and variations. Traditionally speaking, the law has always tried to verify and establish the duty of care in a range of circumstances, each and every circumstance being incumbent to its own specific characteristics and peculiarities. However, this practice has lead to the creation of a whole body of

Intellectual Property paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intellectual Property paper - Essay Example The main controversy of the current situation in realm of IPR can possibly be formulated as follows. On the one hand, IPR holders require that government should implement new laws ensuring absolute security of their intellectual property. This requirement seems logic and reasonable, especially if we take into consideration the growing number of intellectual property thefts that occur these days. Absence of effective legislation may lead to further growth of IPR infringements. Yet, on the other hand, in light of the recent developments in the realm of IPR protection, a number of experts express concern that requirements of IPR holders to fully protect their intellectual assets might potentially erode capabilities that have been previously permitted to the public by copyright law under the "fair use" doctrine or its cousins, such as 'first sale' or 'limited term' doctrine. This paper identifies the most controversial issues associated with intellectual property rights in contemporary environment and analyzes whether IPR are justified in the form they currently take. The traditional instrument, which regulates use of intellectual property, is intellectual property law. ... The statue protected British printers after the advent of the printing press, and also protected European book importers1. From legal perspective the IPR norms and regulations covering the digital environment are more complex and controversial than those applied for traditional media. As a result, many legal practices, which are highly effective for protection of the IPR in traditional environment, may not be applicable nowadays2. Despite recognition of the need to adjust traditional intellectual property laws in order to reflect the recent changes in this realm, the situation still leaves much to be desired, both domestically and internationally. As Boyle ironically noticed nearly ten years ago, ".modern international policy towards IPR much resembles previous 'freedom of the seas'3. Despite multiple declarations, the situation remains practically the same up to date. Notwithstanding efforts of the US and EU to unify national legislations, efforts of WTO, and in many cases outdated Acts regulate modern principles of digital data4. The issue of intellectual property in digital environment is covered by several Acts in the United Kingdom. UK legislation differentiates the IPR of physical materials (e.g. print data) and digital IPR. At the same time, British legislation does not cover as many aspects of digital IPR as, for example, American one. The old laws are still in use in many cases which hinders proper protection of IPR in digital domain5. According to British legislation, intellectual property rights are; "legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields"6. As well as American and pan-European

Examining The Yellow Ribbon Project On Offenders Criminology Essay

Examining The Yellow Ribbon Project On Offenders Criminology Essay Help Unlock the Second Prison, the tagline from Yellow Ribbon Project, describes that the ex-offenders, upon release from the prisons, will be locked up by the walls built up by the society. Because of the perception of the public towards these ex-inmates, they often found difficulties in seeking employment. Such prejudice and discrimination will result in ex-inmates receiving fewer benefits, not just affecting the ex-offenders, but also their families. Fi the situation does not improve, inequality will continue to exist in the society. We should then implement pragmatic solutions to alleviate the discrimination against them. Ex-offenders, also known as ex-convicts, are those who have been released from prison or those with a criminal record or history (Wikipedia). Every year in Singapore, around 11,000 ex-convicts are released back to the society (Singapore Prison Service). Some of the common offences are offences against persons such as assault, offences against property such as robbery, sexual offences, drug offences and white collar crimes (Criminal Law). Employment is one of the key indicators on whether these former inmates are able to successfully re-integrate into the society. Looking at some of the employment statistics, Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE) expanded their database with 2,118 employers in their database and Industrial Services Co-Operative Society (ISCOS) has helped 3,000 ex-offenders to find jobs so far. In this essay, I seek to explore and compare discrimination on ex-offenders, especially employment opportunities, as well as its implications in Singapore with United States. After having knowledge about the issue, I will propose solutions across government, organisational and individual level. Many people would have known there are support programmes such as the Yellow Ribbon Project and other organisations such as Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE), to help ex-offenders reintegrate into the society. Although these support programmes exist, we need to consider its effectiveness in helping ex-offenders to reintegrate into the society. The re-integration rate will therefore serves an indication of the level of discrimination against these ex-offenders. Furthermore, there is little interaction with between the public and former inmates as the public shun away and feel that they do not deserve all the benefits such as housing and tax benefits. It is therefore important that we recognize the existence of such stereotyping and raise awareness to reduce the degree of discrimination and to assist these ex-offenders. After these former inmates leave their physical incarceration, they are faced with the second prison, i.e. family, friends, employers and the community at large. Most of the offenders have tattoos on their body, which signifies status, power and belonging to a certain group. Because of stereotyping, we tend to group people who have tattoos as those who have committed crimes and thus, concluding that they are gangsters and criminals. We are often afraid that we might be the next victim of these gangsters and criminals that we stand a distance away from them or go towards a crowded area. On an organisational level, we can see that some employers are still unwilling to hire ex-offenders, because they believe that leopards can never change its spots. It is heartening to see the number of ex-offenders being employed have increased with the years but we cannot guarantee that they have been given equal employment rights as the others. For example, some employers resorted to background grounds before make decisions with regards to employment. From the papers, excited applicants applied for a job at the Resorts World Sentosa and Marina Bay Sands casinos, but before the official opening, at least 30 employees had to leave their job. All of them failed the Casino Regulatory Authority (CRA)s background checks and hence their contracts were voided. One of the affected employees had failed to declare his shoplifting offence. We realised that there is no difference on whether if those with criminal records declared or not, they still had their contracts terminated anyway. While we understand the concerns over criminal history as the amount of money handled in casinos are in large sum, we need to consider if these history are necessarily the best and sole predictors for future performance. Do we judge those have continuously erred and condemn that they do not deserve the chance to repent? For this case, suggestions would be to put those people who have a criminal record on a period of probation instead of sacking them. Some of the youths interviewed felt that the move by the casinos are not wrong, because we cannot guarantee that people will not be driven by greed and if there are any troubles, the public may complain and question on why the casinos were built in the first place and why were no precautions taken. Hence, it is only right to conduct background checks on them. Besides that, jobs can still be offered to them in the less risky areas. In addition, job applicants are often required to fill up the employment application form and declare that if they have been convicted in a court in any country before. Because this is usually a one-liner question, ex-offenders applications can be filtered out without considering the seriousness of the offences or even the recidivism rate of the offender. This may therefore provide an opportunity for employers to screen out ex-offenders and justify if there any inappropriate acts in the company in future. Generally, these applicants can expect that there will no reply from the company, and this may encourage them to lie about their background. If the ex-offender is caught lying, they will be automatically disqualified while declaration of their history may not be always disqualify them. We encourage all ex-offenders to be honest with the past. In the United States, the discrimination against ex-offenders is so great that they are deprived of the basic rights of voting. Without voting rights, this means that the policies and laws implemented could be against their rights. In 2008, the legislation amended the law to allow voting. Section III Why is it important for us to talk about it? The society plays a significant role in the reintegration of the ex-offenders. It is important that we recognise that these ex-offenders are human beings too. To err is human. Whether they have committed a great sin in the past or not, they still belong to the society. They are able-bodied and are eager to contribute to the society and economy. However, despite their eagerness, we shun and discriminate them, and assume that they will revert back to their old ways. In the end, the society is unable to progress as a whole. We need to prove that former convicts are assets to the society. Also, when these ex-offenders are not able to secure a job, even on short-term, to get their income, they will revert back to their old ways to get the money to survive. The recvidism rate in Singapore has remained at 25 % since 2006 (Prisons-SCORE Corporate Advance 2009) . This is much lesser than the recidivism rate in California, where 70% revert back to their old ways. It is expensive to maintain the prison as well as support rehabilitative programmes. The economic costs, which comes from tax payers increased further when these ex-offenders recidivise. The major prisons in United States, such as the one in New York, faced increased pressure to release their prisoners after minimum serving period or putting them through programmes rather than prisons. The state spends $2.5 billion a year to maintain its corrections department. Sudden surge of ex-offenders was too overwhelming and many recidivise due to insufficient and effective rehabilitative and support programmes. The revolving door is very expensive, it adds $1 billion a year to Californias overburdened penal system (Another By-Product of the Recession: Ex-convicts, TIME). Skeptical about safety, Section IV Where can we start to fix the problem? As mentioned previously, these former inmates faced discrimination in the public and most importantly, at the workplace. Without a job, they will not be able to survive and support their families, especially if they are the breadwinner of the family. When this happens, they are not able to afford basic necessities. Their families may also suffer as a result of poor education and may need to come out to work. Their spouse and children may grow up thinking why should life be so demanding and will then resort to crimes to get what they wanted. It is difficult for ex-offenders to live a better life when they are not given the same opportunities. This will continue as a vicious cycle. To reduce and even eliminate the stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination against these ex-offenders, it is important that we find out the root causes of this issue and implement various programmes and activities to encourage active participation as increased interaction may improve the perspective of the public towards ex-offenders. To begin with, organizations should organize more activities to bring ex-offenders a step closer to the public. It is hoped that through such activities, it provides both the public and ex-offenders an opportunity to interact and hence, develop a sense of trust among them. Such activities may be visit to the prisons and / or halfway houses, outdoor and indoor activities, community service projects or even, encourage ex-offenders to participate in existing events such as Yellow Ribbon Prison Run. Through interaction, it may change the perspective of the public towards them and therefore reduce the extent of discrimination. Many ex-offenders have low self-esteem and are afraid of rejection. Therefore, we should involve the ex-offenders in the planning and executing of events in the community. These events provide an opportunity for the former inmates to showcase their talents in various areas. The public are aware that it is difficult for ex-offenders to find and secure jobs. Also, from an interview with an ex-offender from Highpoint Community Services Association in 2009, I found out that employers often do not want to give ex-offenders a second chance. This outright act of non-acceptance already killed the only hope that these ex-offenders have to reintegrate into the society. As such, more organizations should start working on a campaign on hiring ex-offenders. These campaigns should focus on instilling the correct mindset of treating the ex-offenders and also their ability to work as well as any other ordinary person. As much as I acknowledge that nobody can be free from discrimination, including employers, research shows that provision work is important. In addition, more jobs seminars should be introduced to increase the employment opportunities available to ex-offenders. To enhance the public confidence in them, we can consider cooperating with companies to provide these ex-offenders transitional jobs as probationers, to start them off for several years so that they have relevant working experience, instead of merely skills acquiring in the rehabilitative programmes. After the transition period, these organizations can also help to recommend the employees to other companies. Besides the technical skills acquired from the support programmes, the programmes should also focus on soft skills such as interpersonal skills. These ex-convicts should also learn more about resume writing and interview skills, as these will help them to market themselves well. For the declaration of whether the job applicant has been convicted in court before, we should further improve on the question so that it allows the ex-offender to declare that they have convicted for which offences and also the year of conviction. In this case, the employers benefit as they can take note of the offences made, and be aware that these are not detrimental to the interests of the company and other stakeholders. This is because if the ex-offenders cause any troubles, the company will be the party that suffers the heaviest losses. Also, the job applicants gains from this as the employers are practising selective screening rather than a total elimination. There are also calls to ban the declaration box. However, I feel that the employers are right to protect their interests and the ex-offenders should be honest and convince the employers on their efforts to stay out of crime. As noted above, generally the society has the perspective that ex-offenders are likely to revert back to their old ways. Hence, it is important that we improve the rehabilitation programme to reduce the chances of such cases occurring. We need to note that the limitation of the rehabilitation programmes as decision to go back to old ways varies from the circumstances faced by the ex-offenders. If the solutions proposed above are being implemented on a long-term basis, we could see that less discrimination acts towards ex-offenders and the Singapore will move towards a much more forgiving society.

Uniform Knowledge Attributions Essay -- Philosophy

There is a philosophical tradition going back at least to Gilbert Ryle’s 1948 The Concept of Mind of distinguishing â€Å"knowledge how†from â€Å"knowledge that†, in which the latter is taken to be a kind of propositional attitude, while the former is taken to be a kind of ability or capacity. Paradigm examples are, respectively: Sally knows how to ride a bike. (1) Sally knows that she owns a bike. (2) More recently, this distinction has come under renewed scrutiny, notably with [Stanley and Williamson, 2001] arguing that there really is no such distinction, and that â€Å"knowledge how†is really a species of propositional knowledge, though the proposition is known under a different â€Å"mode of presentation† than the types of knowledge typically expressed by â€Å"knowledge that†attributions. Their suggestion is that all knowledge claims are syntactically and semantically uniform, so that philosophical argumentation would be needed to support Ryle’s distinction. In addition, they show that Ryle’s argument was flawed, and provide an account that deals with many other philosophical worries, while giving prima facie evidence that, contrary to what one might expect, (1) is not actually talking about an ability. They argue first that Ryle’s argument in favor of a distinction was incorrect. Then they suggest that linguistic evidence recommends a uniform analysis for all uses of the word â€Å"know†. Finally, they consider various philosophical arguments that might motivate a departure from the linguistic structure, and find them wanting. Thus, they suggest that we should stick with the uniformity of knowledge ascriptions that is suggested by the linguistic data. I will argue that the linguistic data are not as clear-cut as they suggest. ... ...y and Williamson allege for (1). (Interestingly, I haven’t been able to come up with any such counterexamples with â€Å"how†, â€Å"whether†, or â€Å"why†, just with â€Å"who†, â€Å"when†, and possibly â€Å"where†.) This different structure can then give rise to a different sort of meaning. Thus, although some attributions of â€Å"knowledge wh- to†are similar in kind to attributions of â€Å"knowledge that†, I suggest that the linguistic evidence does not immediately imply that all of them are. References [Lahiri, 1991] Lahiri, U. (1991). Embedded Interrogatives and the Predicates that Embed Them. PhD thesis, MIT. [No ¨e, 2005] No ¨e, A. (2005). Against intellectualism. Analysis, 65:278–290. [Schaffer, ] Schaffer, J. Knowing the answer. Unpublished manuscript. [Stanley and Williamson, 2001] Stanley, J. and Williamson, T. (2001). Knowing how. Journal of Philosophy, 98(8):411–444.

Global Opposition to Neoliberalism Essay

Through the Internet, a movement began to develop in opposition to the doctrines of neoliberalism which were widely manifested in the 1990s when the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) proposed liberalisation of cross-border investment and trade restrictions through its Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). This treaty was prematurely exposed to public scrutiny and subsequently abandoned in November 1998 in the face of strenuous protest and criticism by national and international civil society representatives. Neoliberal doctrine argued that untrammeled free trade and reduction of public-sector regulation would bring benefits to poor countries and to disadvantaged people in rich countries. Anti-globalization advocates urge that preservation of the natural environment, human rights (especially workplace rights and conditions) and democratic institutions are likely to be placed at undue risk by globalization unless mandatory standards are attached to liberalisation. Noam Chomsky stated in 2002 that The term â€Å"globalization† has been appropriated by the powerful to refer to a specific form of international economic integration, one based on investor rights, with the interests of people incidental. That is why the business press, in its more honest moments, refers to the â€Å"free trade agreements† as â€Å"free investment agreements† (Wall St. Journal). Accordingly, advocates of other forms of globalization are described as â€Å"anti-globalization†; and some, unfortunately, even accept this term, though it is a term of propaganda that should be dismissed with ridicule. No sane person is opposed to globalization, that is, international integration. Surely not the left and the workers movements, which were founded on the principle of international solidarity—that is, globalization in a form that attends to the rights of people, not private power systems.

SWOT analysis of Disneyland Paris Essays

SWOT analysis of Disneyland Paris Essays SWOT analysis of Disneyland Paris Paper SWOT analysis of Disneyland Paris Paper High quality effective customer service is key objective to any business/organisation being successful. I have researched into why this would be necessary for a company such as Disneyland Paris. Disneyland Paris need to provide all its customer with high quality, effective customer service this can be done by training all employees to a high standard including how to be polite, courteous, helpful, have good interpersonal skills and be well presented and look approachable. If Disney was able to provide this level of customer service, it would keep their customers calm, relaxed and free to enjoy their trip, they would also feel secure and valued which is likely to result in repeat custom, this would then help to increase sales within the resort therefore revenue, as a result Disney may receive a boost in their reputation from being able to effectively satisfy the need and wants from its customers. If they were not able to provide high quality, effective customer service this would have the opposite effect and may lead potential customer to choose a threatening theme park to Disneyland Paris, losing the business money and decreasing its revenue, repeat customers and share in the market. Disneyland Paris has a mission statement this is To bring families together and create the worlds most magical smile! This mission statement is essential to Disneyland as it gives them something to stride towards and achieve. If a business or organisation did not initially set specific aims and objectives they may be less motivated to better themselves. However if the mission statement, aims or objectives set are too simple and easy to achieve by Disney, they may not seek to improve or go further in achievement as a whole. This mission statement is the key to success within the business as other competitors to Disney are constantly modifying and improving to satisfy their customers, therefore customers could visit them theme parks or attractions instead of Disneyland Paris resort. This SWOT analysis has revealed that there are a large number of strengths for Disneyland Paris, compared to the amount of weakness for the business. This informs me that the layout of the Disneyland resort and the companys current plans are to a high standard and are able to cater for large volumes of customers and their needs and demands. Strengths The first strength I have found is Disneyland Paris caters for a wide target audience, from the rides and entertainment to the facilities and accommodation provided; this is an example of excellent customer service provided by Disney resulting in good customer satisfaction levels. This then leads to an increased reputation, in turn gaining repeat custom, which leads to an increase in sales and potentially revenue. Another strength I have identified is Disneys outstandingly unbeatable reputation. This is because they deliver high quality effective customer service that the customers are expecting. This in turn generates good customer satisfaction, leading to repeat customers and a further increase in their reputation, helping Disneyland to achieve the most visited tourist attraction in Europe almost every year. Disneyland Paris will also see a rise in their revenue and sales figures giving them more money to make change and improvements if any are needed. Below are the statistics to support my claim: A further strength of Disneyland Paris is that its location is easily accessible to its customers. It is in a local position to its largest customer base of French visitors. However for English visitors there are many methods of transport that can be taken to get to Disneyland Paris Resort, there is the Euro star, car or bus, train or plane. These give customers more advantages when travelling to the destination and are suitable for customers from all incomes. This creates a large customer base for Disneyland Paris thus increasing sales and revenue for the company. It will create good customer service which leads to an increase in customer satiation as Disney are able to cater for most customer types, which will then increase Disneys exceptional reputation further. Merchandise and products are sold by Disneyland and is a good strength used by them; most of the customers who visit purchase Disney products such as photos from rides or character related products as a souvenir or memory from their stay at the resort. This is offering visitors good customer service as there is a huge selection of merchandise available for choice, this leave the customers satisfied in finding the perfect product for them. This increases the volume of sales gained by Disney therefore the revenue created. It will also help to increase Disneys reputation by customers spreading good word of mouth. The next two strengths I have indentified are linked together; they are extremely beneficial in increasing the reputation and customer service received by customers. These two strengths are having both multilingual staff and multilingual maps and sign posts throughout the park. This is crucial for Disneyland in being successful as the customers that come here are from different countries worldwide, which speak different languages and have different cultures. This means Disney needs to provide a wide range of staff that speak these languages or use universal symbols on the sign posts at the resort to suit and satisfy all their customers needs and differences. If Disney was not able to provide this, both their customers and staff could become frustrated and angry as there will be a language barrier they are unable to fix, also they will not be able to navigate themselves around the parks via the maps and sign posts if they are not multilingual. This in turn would give Disney numerous complaints and decreasing their outstanding reputation. Customers will not want to return to the resort and may pass there bad experience on to others, thus putting them off visiting. I have placed a few pictures which I have collected from around the Disney resort, highlighting the multilingual sign posts and maps there are available for customers to navigate themselves around the resort easily increasing the level of customer satisfaction gained as customers can find where they want to be without any negative implications. Another strength that its clear Disney have is providing disabled facilities throughout the resort. This is important in showing Disneyland cares and caters for their customers who have a disability, thus showing they cater for a variety of people. Some of the facilities that are available around the parks include; wheelchair rental, specially adapted toilets and designated rooms etc. By having these facilities Disney is able to attract more disabled customers into visiting the resort, increasing their sales and revenue, also it will help to increase Disneys already booming reputation. These customers will also feel valued and respected as they are not being discriminated against, and would feel comfortable in talking to a member of staff should they have any queries. They receive the highest quality customer service that Disney aims to provide all their customers with, giving the customers good satisfaction. I have included various pictures as evidence to prove Disney do offer this service to its disabled customers. Another strength Disney show is the high level of training given to their employees. They have all been trained with in-depth knowledge about various products Disneyland Paris sell. This is necessary so Disney is acting in accordance with the Trade Description Act 1968, a scenario in which the company are at risk of breaking this law would be if one of Disneys employees was to provide a customer with untrue information about a product as in if the employee described the product either orally or written down as being suitable for children and the product was in fact not suitable for children, Disneyland would then be liable for prosecution if pursued. However if a customer visiting the resort were to ask employees questions and they were unable to respond this would reflect negatively towards Disney and customers would then be uncomfortable asking other staff members questions. This could then lead to the Disneys exceptional reputation being damaged thus Disney would then see a decline in sales therefore turnover. By all employees having outstanding training Disney would see their customer satisfaction amplify from good customer service being provided to all. Fast passes are another strength Disneyland offers to its customers, although customers would have to pay an extra amount they receive the benefit of not having to wait in long queues for the rides, which could frustrate the more impatient customers. This would increase customer satisfaction by not having to wait as long for the attractions they wish to see, making Disney have a higher chance of gaining repeat custom which will increase both sales and revenue for the business. This shows Disney offer their customers an excellent customer service, as customers feel valued in having the opportunity to pay for a fast pass which would be time effective towards the customers, this would then lead to Disney increasing their reputation further. An additional strength I can acknowledge that Disneyland Paris can show is by having two parks (main theme park and Walt Disney Studios). From my own experience and knowledge plus research into the two parks I can identify the themes and rides based in each park are different. Walt Disney studios is catered more towards older children with bigger, faster and more thrilling and exciting rides available. Whereas the main Disney Park is tailored towards the younger generation including the youngest visitors, as it contains smaller less thrilling rides. I have included a list below of the top five rides in each of the parks.

Drop Down List Inside a DBGrid

Drop Down List Inside a DBGrid Heres how to place a drop-down pick list into a DBGrid. Create visually more attractive user interfaces for editing lookup fields inside a DBGrid - using the PickList property of a DBGrid column. Now, that you know what are  lookup fields, and what are the options of displaying a lookup field in Delphis DBGrid, its time to see how to use the PickList property of a DGBrid column to enable a user to pick a value for a lookup field from a drop-down list box. A Quick Info on DBGrid Columns Property A DBGrid control has a Columns property - a collection of TColumn objects representing all of the columns in a grid control. Columns can be set at design time through the Columns editor, or programmatically at runtime. Youll usually add Columns to a DBGird when you want to define how a column appears, how the data in the column is displayed and to access the properties, events, and methods of TDBGridColumns at runtime. A customized grid enables you to configure multiple columns to present different views of the same dataset (different column orders, different field choices, and different column colors and fonts, for example). Now, each Column in a grid is linked to a field from a dataset displayed in the grid. Whats more, each column has a PickList property. The PickList property lists values that the user can select for the columns linked field value. Filling the PickList What you will learn here is how to fill that String List with values from another dataset at run time.Recall, that we are editing the Articles table and that a Subject field can only accept values from the Subjects table: the ideal situation for the PickList! Heres how to set up the PickList property. First, we add a call to the SetupGridPickList procedure in the Forms OnCreate event handler. procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin SetupGridPickList(Subject, SELECT Name FROM Subjects);end; The easiest way to create the SetupGridPickList procedure is to go to the private part of the form declaration, add the declaration there and hit the CTRL SHIFT C key combination - Delphis  code completion  will do the rest: ...type TForm1 class(TForm)... privateprocedure SetupGridPickList( const FieldName : string; const sql : string); public... Note: the SetupGridPickList procedure takes two parameters. The first parameter, FieldName, is the name of the field we want to act like a lookup field; the second parameter, SQL, is the SQL expression we use to populate the PickList with possible values - in general, the SQL expression should return a dataset with only one field. Heres how the SetupGridPickList looks like: procedure TForm1.SetupGridPickList(const FieldName, sql: string);var slPickList:TStringList; Query : TADOQuery; i : integer;begin slPickList:TStringList.Create; Query : TADOQuery.Create(self); try Query.Connection : ADOConnection1; Query.SQL.Text : sql; Query.Open; //Fill the string listwhile not Query.EOF dobegin slPickList.Add(Query.Fields[0].AsString); Query.Next; end; //while //place the list it the correct columnfor i:0 to DBGrid1.Columns.Count-1 do if DBGrid1.Columns[i].FieldName FieldName thenbegin DBGrid1.Columns[i].PickList:slPickList; Break; end; finally slPickList.Free; Query.Free; end; end; (*SetupGridPickList*) Thats it. Now, when you click the Subject column (to enter into edit mode). Note 1: by default, the drop-down list displays 7 values. You can change the length of this list by setting the DropDownRows property. Note 2: nothing stops you from filling up the PickList from a list of values not coming from a database table. If, for example, you have a field that only accepts weekday names (Monday, ..., Sunday) you can build a hard-coded PickList. Uh, I need to click the PickList 4 times... Note that when you want to edit the field displaying a drop-down list, youll need to click the cell 4 times in order to actually pick a value from a list. The next code snippet, added to the DBGrids OnCellClick event handler, mimics a hit to the F2 key followed by Alt DownArrow. procedure TForm1.DBGrid1CellClick(Column: TColumn);begin//Making the drop-down pick list appear fasterif Column.PickList.Count 0 thenbegin keybd_event(VK_F2,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_F2,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); keybd_event(VK_MENU,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_DOWN,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_DOWN,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); keybd_event(VK_MENU,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); end;end;

Motivation towards Becoming a PA Personal Statement

Motivation towards Becoming a PA - Personal Statement Example Biomedical research is an effectual medium through which I can understand not only the reason behind the health inequalities but also enhance my knowledge and intellectual experience through a knowledgeable and diverse Master of Science in Biology program. I have been interested in the biomedical field and related subjects since my undergraduate years when I used to enjoy the laboratory practical work in the microbiology, genetics and biochemistry subjects. Laboratory work inspired me more as it challenged positively to flourish as a leader in the laboratory groups and as a scientist who enjoys research and practical work. My experience in the laboratory work polished my analytical skills, critical analysis and articulating my scientific ideas in a systematic and comprehensive manner. My experience during the undergraduate years urged me to pursue my career as a Physician Assistant and the Master of Science in Biology program will support and help me to gain my goal in an efficient and proficient manner. My first encounter with the biomedical research was through the McNair Scholars Program in which I had to assist Dr. Floyd Wormley for eight continuous weeks. His research work focused on investigating a vaccine that prevents and treats a fungal pathogen called Cryptococcus neoformans. I mastered various pathological and biochemical procedures and techniques during my assistance program. I worked on the lab rats observing their lung tissue pathologies and mastered immunohistochemistry after several attempts. After several tedious efforts I was able to come up with a rewarding outcome, which I could present at the Annual McNair Scholars Seminar at the Penn State University. This experience was extremely rewarding and the different biochemical laboratory techniques aided me learning and pathological skills as well. I have also been a part of a medical Anthropology upper-level course.

Job Satisfaction Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Job Satisfaction - Article Example That may make them more satisfied with their "work" in the short run, but their performance certainly didn't improve. Each and every organization is faced with people challenges. How do you get public moving in the right direction Start where they are. The first step is to provide feedback to employees from their current point of view. That is where Inscape Publishing comes in. For nearly 30 years Inscape guides have been first choice for research-based self-assessments. They've helped over 30 million people worldwide progress performance, increase job satisfaction and value differences (Hines, 1990). All analysis are conducting by using SPSS for Windows (SPSS, 13.0) were utilized to conduct statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the employment background and the job satisfaction variables. Now we apply the hypothesis on overall job satisfaction level and ANOVA for intrinsic and extrinsic satisfactions. Since the computed value of z falls within the rejection region, so we reject the null hypothesis (at = 0.05). So there is sufficient evidence that the average overall job satisfaction is not equals to 4.5 The significance value of the F test in the ANOVA table is 0.000 and 0.002 for intrinsic and extrinsic cases respectively. ... Therefore, Z = Z = -2.1124 Critical Region At 0.05 level of significance, the critical values are as follows, Z Z/2 1.96 Decision: Reject Ho, Conclusion Since the computed value of z falls within the rejection region, so we reject the null hypothesis (at = 0.05). So there is sufficient evidence that the average overall job satisfaction is not equals to 4.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The significance value of the F test in the ANOVA table is 0.000 and 0.002 for intrinsic and extrinsic cases respectively. Thus, we must reject the hypothesis that average satisfaction assessment scores are equal across both intrinsic and extrinsic groups. Now that we know the groups differ in some way, we need to learn more about the structure of the differences. Taking overall job satisfaction as a factor - Obviously when a job is routine, these elements would be routine. What is routine is ordinary, and what is ordinary cannot be perfect. In order to have a perfect job, one has to break through these formal walls that are built to enclose a so-called professional world. Summary Employee expectations of certain standards for working conditions at the beginning of employment may be considered an implicit social contract with the employer. If those standards are not met, a violation of the contract occurs and system inequity results. System inequity may be the most powerful predictor of dissatisfaction given that, in addition to working conditions, it has been found to be antecedent to pay dissatisfaction. Firms seeking to reduce system inequity must promote realistic expectations of both pay and working conditions, particularly at the time of employment (Happell, 2003). In summary, this article has filled a gap in the

The Role of Religion in the United States and Egypt Essay

The Role of Religion in the United States and Egypt - Essay Example US Puritan ancestors believed that men were born evil but had the potential to be good, through self-control and self-motivation. The Protestant religion teaches that self-discipline and hard work contribute to the "godliness† of individuals (Chapter 9), which is reflected in the beliefs about human nature, and in the attitude towards work. Similarly, the Islamic belief proclaims hard work as a cherished virtue (Chapter 10). Muslims believe that people are born good and develop into positive directions (Chapter 10). The Americans view time as a key resource (Chapter 9). Their present efforts and resources are oriented to the future. Unlike the US, the time has different dimensions in Egypt; it is not a linear adherence to schedules and deadlines, but rather an abstract mixture of people and transactions (Chapter 10). The equality in the United States is proclaimed by Constitution, while the Islamic guiding document proclaiming equality is the Koran (MS Encarta, 2003). Still, st atus and financial power in both cultures are the sources of social inequality. The United States places a strong emphasis on status-defining factors like money, and power (Chapter 9). Similarly, the Egyptian society comprises of the ruling minority of Afrangi, high government officials, and academicians, and the ruling majority of natives, Baladi (Tehuti Research Foundation, 2003).The individualistic American society is much different from the group-oriented Islam, where family traditions are highly cherished (Chapter 10).

The poems Half-past Two, Reports and Dear Mr. Lee Essay Example for Free

The poems Half-past Two, Reports and Dear Mr. Lee Essay Look again at the poems Half-past Two, Reports and Dear Mr. Lee. How does UA Fanthorpe create a sense of character in each poem and what does the reader learn about her view of the education system as presented in these three poems? The three poems analysed in this essay are Half-past Two, Dear Mr Lee and Reports all of which are written by UA Fanthorpe. The poems are linked to each other as they refer to the education system. The order of the poems are the least critical of the education system to the most critical. In the first poem I have selected to compare is Half-past Two. The poem follows the thoughts of a small boy, waiting in a classroom for his teacher to arrive at half-past two. The only problem is that he is unable to tell the time and so is unable to judge at what time he must leave the classroom. The minutes he waits in the classroom for his teacher to arrive, feel like eternity to the boy as hes lost in time. The poem shows the young pupils routine being broken, as he dreams of being lost in a world of confusion. The beginning of Half-past Two begins like a fairytale: Once upon in a child-like tone. The main character in the poem is the little boy. The boy is left to stay behind in the classroom as hed done Something Very Wrong. The capitilisation and repetition of the line two lines later, indicates to the reader the teachers angry tone and she was cross show the reader the feelings of the pupil being ashamed. Yet it doesnt go into detail what hed done: (I forget what it was). From the beginning of the poem it is obvious to the reader that it is written by the pupil as an adult remembering back a childhood memory, as the brackets throughout the poem show the adult perspective. As a pupil at the time he hadnt done anything serious as it had not played a significant part in his life. The use of vocabulary such as Grantime indicates to the reader its a small child. Due to the fact the little boys illiterate the spoken words sound like a single unit: Gettinguptime, timeyouwereofftime. This is represented by words being merged together as one. The little boy understands time in terms of actions or events that happened at these times and knows a lot of time for a small child: All the important times he knew. But not half-past two. The boy hadnt been taught time by his teacher, but he was too scared of being wicked to remind her. The little boy is innocent, scared and sad for what hed done and hasnt done anything serious, thus becoming the object of the readers sympathy. The clock face seems real and alive to the boy: the little eyestwo long legs for walking. As he stares at the clock the little boy thinks the clock is talking to him, as UA Fanthorpe uses onomatopoeia: But he couldnt click its language The personification of the clock symbolises how the childs imgagination starts to develop the only interesting and important object in the room indicating the boy feels very mundane: So he waited, beyond onceupona. The boy then starts to fall into a dream world like a fairytale due to the boredom he suffers, which reminds him of bedtime going to a world beyond onceupona. The boys daily routine has been broken, as there are no adults around to tell him when its time to do something. As he falls into a daze: Into the smell of old chrysanthemumsInto the air outside the window, into ever the repetition of the word into suggests the timelessness and the environment around the boy is changing and drifting as he becomes aware of every minute smells as his senses become alert. The other characters in the poem Half-past Two is the little boys teacher. The teacher comes to the little boys rescue. As when she enter there is a dramatic effect, and shes shocked when she see the little boy still in the classroom: And then, My goodness, she said The teachers disorganized, disorientated and forgetful as she scuttled about, panicking about the boy. The teacher is so busy, she cant remember what she has taught her pupils. The reader gets the impression that the teacher is young and doesnt have a lot of teaching experience being new to the field. Its ironic as she says Run along or youll be late as he doesnt know what time is. UA Fanthorpes presentation of the education system as presented in Half-past Two shows the reader how imperative time is in order to function and survive in modern day society. In the poem the importance of time is when the detention ends not when a particular event occurs. The message UA Fanthorpe is getting across to the reader about the education system is that time is crucial and that it must be taught earlier on in the school syllabus rather then a later stage in life, as a young childs sense in life is determined by routine events. The second poem is called Dear Mr Lee also written by UA Fanthorpe. The poem is written in form of a letter, by an English student expressing their love for a piece of literature by Laurie Lee. The student is writing a letter of apology, as they think they have failed an English exam yet may be proved wrong as the student seems pessimistic. The reader learns about why the student is writing the letter and the feelings and emotions of the student about failing an English exam. The beginning of the poem Dear Mr Lee is one long continuous stanza by the student whereas in Half-past Two the poem is written in short verses. The poems are both similar as in Half-past Two the short verses represent the childs short disjointed thoughts as also in Dear Mr Lee the structure of the poem follows the students thoughts like a stream of chaotic consciousness by using enjambment. The reader gets the feeling that the student is three dimensional, as even though the character is pessimistic, yet they are positive about Cider with Rosy. The student is very sarcastic about her English teacher, Mr Smart but shows maturity as she doesnt pass the blame for her failing exam. In contrast to Dear Mr Lee the vocabulary used in Half-past Two is very simple and the made-up words represent a young childs language. The reader learns that the main character in the book is an English student expressing their passion for their favourite author, Laurie Lee. The student addresses Mr. Lee is a sign of the students respect and admiration for him. The student refers to Mr. Lee as Laurie Lee as they see him as a friend: Its rude to call you Laurie, but thats how I think of you. The letter is friendly and informal yet trying to be formal in order to show respect. Other characters mentioned in the poem in Dear Mr Lee is also a teacher just like in Half-past Two. The student describes her English teacher Mr Smart as cynical and uninspiring, indicating to the reader he isnt a supporting and helpful teacher. The name Mr Smart may be an ironic nickname given by the student, yet the reader never finds out. Mr Smart is a direct contrast to Laurie Lee who is his dynamic opposite. He doesnt seem to motivate his students, which is due to the lack of enthusiasm shown by the student towards his English classes. In Half-past Two the teacher didnt mean to leave him in the classroom for that long a period of time to cruel. The teacher had genuinely forgot that she had left the poor little boy in the classroom and did everything she could to slot him back into his usual routine. Mr Smart is harsh and critical as he says to the student that anyone with her punctuation to consider poetry as a career is enough to make the angels weep. Mr Smart is only intereste d in exam results and not the subject. The presentation of the education system in Dear Mr Lee criticizes the education system, as it doesnt credit the students enthusiasm and passion for literature and English. From UA Fanthorpes poem, it indicates to the reader that education is interested in good exam results from pupils and wants a restrictive and analytical approach, which discourages a personal and intimate response from students. The student didnt enjoy studying Shakespeare, as she didnt understand what was being taught. The one book that the student was able to understand and love was the book Cider with Rosy yet when it came to the exam the student didnt much like the questions about social welfare in the rural community and the seasons as perceived by an adolescent. The exam doesnt credit the students enthusiasm and passion for the book, and so the student failed the exam. Unlike Dear Mr Lee the poem Half-past Two is less critical, as it only emphasis the necessity of time. While in Dear Mr Lee is very critical towards the education syllabus, and how the syllabus is being taught. The poems are both similar as the teacher plays a major role in the students view and thoughts. Mr. Smarts attitude towards one of his students has an affect on their motivation towards English. As a teacher Mr. Smart lacked to offer the support and passion the student required in order to appreciate and take leisure in English. The last poem I will analyse is Reports which is also written by UA Fanthorpe. The poem Reports is written from a teachers point of view unlike in Half-past Two and Dear Mr Lee which are written from the point of view of students. Out of all the poems Reports is the most critical, as the teacher shows his or her frustration towards the education system. The teacher is trying to write reports for their students yet in order to justify the truth about the students they must be politically correct. This leaves the teacher stranded and unable to write an accurate, truthful and fair report for the pupils. Due to not writing accurate reports, it leaves the teacher annoyed, as there is no more truth in the education system, which has become corrupt. The poem Reports is the most negative of the three poems, this is due to the fact there isnt one single positive comment made by the teacher. The beginning of Reports has the use of italics in order to indicate to the reader what the teacher is thinking of what to write unlike in Half-past Two where italics represent speech: Has made a sound beginning This is written in typical report style phraseology. The tone of the poem is formal from the start to the end, similar to the poem Dear Mr Lee except Reports is formal through out. The poem is written in stanzas just like in Half-past Two except they are longer showing the thoughts of the teacher are more sophisticated and more developed than the little boy in the poem Half-past Two. Using Pronouns are dangerous as the teacher doesnt want to be personal and indirect which may be considered rude. When the teacher uses the word dangerous they are using a mocking sarcastic tone, as the teacher will be in trouble for breaking a school policy. This proves to the reader that teacher and pupil relationships arent close as shown in Dear Mr Lee where teachers dont want to get personal with their students. The teacher has a very cynical view of reports, as they feel they are obligated to write what people want to hear. The teachers negativity is sensed in Dear Mr Lee as seen by the character M r. Smart. The teacher must constantly remind themself to: Be on your guard The teacher feels the report says something about the teacher and not just the pupil. The teacher must keep on thinking about what the officials want to hear yet something that will be easily understood as the teacher wants something that Should satisfy them. Near the end of the poem Reports the teacher is reminding themself why they wanted to teach in the first place. Like the teacher in Half-past Two the teacher from Reports used to think education was the most important thing in the world. Then after a few years teaching like in the poem Dear Mr Lee teachers were no longer idealistic and think they could change the world. This leads to the failure of pupils due to education. Other characters that are mentioned in Reports are Parent, child, head. In contrast to Half-past Two and Dear Mr Lee the characters mentioned in Reports arent direct and dont speak. The teacher thinks about who will read the reports and they are seen as evil as they will look for mistakes made by the teacher: Unholy trinity, will read Your scripture backwards The holy group of three becomes unholy. Through out the poem the Parent, child, head are mention by the teacher as them. Like evil, the devil will read backwards and three is seen as a magical number. The teacher doesnt want to set them any riddles which will be difficult to understand and interperate. The presentation of the education system in Reports by UA Fanthorpe compared to the other two poems is similar to the moral of Dear Mr Lee is that education is dieing because its becoming controlled and narrow. Pupils are failing because the education system is failing them similar to Reports when the student fails their exam. Yet, in Reports unlike in Half-past Two and Dear Mr Lee it indicates to the reader from the poem that people are no longer able to tell the truth and pupils have no more enthusiasm towards education like in Dear Mr Lee. The education system leads to disillusionment for both pupils, teachers and officials. The future of education will only be grave stones as death is the ultimate teacher ending with an epitaph saying: Rest in peace. From studying all three of the poems written by UA Fanthorpe it becomes obvious to the reader UA Fanthorpe doesnt agree the way education is being run through schools. The message comes across to the reader as UA Fanthorpe criticizes the education system as being corrupt and unjustified. As shown through the poem Reports UA Fanthorpe express her frustration through the teacher. UA Fanthorpe is saying that there is no longer truth and that the education system must be politically correct. My personal response to the poem is that education has become more restricted in the modern day society we are living in today. The education system syllabus concentrates more on getting the grades than getting a pleasurable response from the students. I think for students to be motivated further its imperative they get the inspiration to learn. Obviously this is no longer happening in the education syllabus. As mention in Dear Mr Lee the students passion for Laurie Lees literature, wasnt ever credited by their teacher at the time Mr Smart. The student wasnt enthusiastic about learning, so how is a student meant to progress? I felt there does need to be honesty in the education system in order for it to succeed and be efficient, Reports addressed my attention to this matter. I feel UA Fanthorpe is raising awareness about what the education system is becoming and make us aware of the issue and decide for ourselves.

Philosophys Study Of Value Axiology Essay

Philosophys Study Of Value Axiology Essay It follows from questions Q-Q of the interview that the price defines the current value of the object auctioned. The process of accepting or amending the price seems to be, at least to an extent, both irrational and random. How much irrational or how much rational is that process? To answer this question, we have to elucidate the nature of value. In philosophy, the study of value is called axiology, derived from the Greek (worth), and (the knowledge of). Axiology was developed a century ago, mainly by Paul Lapin (1902) and E. von Hartmann (1908). It focuses on two kinds of values: aesthetics and ethics. The former studies what beauty and harmony are, while the latter puts emphasis on what is wrong and what is right in the social conduct of individuals. A mathematical approach to this topic, resulting in formal axiology, is the brainchild of Robert S. Hartman (1967). Hartmans contribution is unique in the sense that his Formal Axiology is the only social science in which a one-to-one relationship exists between the dimensions of axiology and mathematics. If axiology is viewed as a collective name for aesthetics and ethics, it is similar to value theory. The latter teaches about the value of things. A thing in this context may be anything: an object, a person, or an idea. The study encompasses what people value, how they value it and why they value it. The results may be slightly different in the fields of philosophy, psychology, economics, or sociology. In the realm of psychology, value theory is applied to the study of how people are affected by their values. The object of study is how people develop a set of values, and how they subsequently profess and believe in these values. Even more important is how people act or fail to act on their values. The answer to the question how human behaviour may be guided, fail to be guided or be misguided by a set of values, or why people choose or prefer some things to others, or why and how certain values emerge at different stages of human physical and intellectual development, has not been found yet. Human beings are social animals and as such animals, they congregate in groups and communities. Each group or community may have its own values, usually different from the values and priorities of another community. The community values interact with personal values. The nature of the interaction and its impact on personal values or their change is the subject of sociological studies. Among prominent scientists who studied these topics, viewing value as an independent variable, we find Max Weber, Jà ¼rgen Habermas, or Émile Durkheim. Returning to the axiology view, the value can be viewed as relations between subjects and objects. Through these relations, the social, group, or individual evaluations of certain material, human or natural qualities are expressed in hierarchical and polarised forms. These forms fill ideals, needs, or desires adapted to the time and space in which they occur. Three levels can be distinguished in the determination of their essential type. They can be studied on the pragmatic level (Why?), on the syntactic level (How?), and on the semantic level (What?). Value is multidimensional: (more BS, p.1) For this purpose, Nadine (2003) defines an axiological system S = (M, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å", I), where M is the class of representative structures, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" is the class of interdependent objects or other entities I is the class of interpretations (assignments) given to the structures. The system S can function in a number of ways, and subsystems can be associated to it. A complex axiological system may thus be generated. Nadin (2003) has derived the following operations and relations can be established between any two axiological systems S1 and S2: S1 is the subsystem of S2 S1 is complementary to S1 S1 and S2 are equal Union of S1 and S2 exists Intersection of S1 and S2 exists An empty system exists S1 and S2 are independent Similar relationships can be defined for the predicates. Nadine has also shown the categories and morphisms of the systems mentioned. ** ** ** ** ** The term creating value has an aura of mystery about itself. How do we create value? And, indeed, what is value? And how does it relate to luxury? These are the important questions that will be addressed in this chapter. A product attains the status of luxury good because of its unique intrinsic properties, such as design, performance, durability, quality and reliability. At least some of these properties must be perceived as considerably superior to comparable common substitutes. Quality The term value has been treated extensively in philosophy, as well as in economy. In spite of this, or perhaps because of it, there is no unified definition of value. There are definitions appropriate for the respective perspectives of value. Therefore, creating value may seem a sheer contradiction. The first approximation to understanding value is the realization that in many instances value is time, space and person dependent. For instance, Arabian horses were very valuable as recently as a century ago. But they were appreciated mainly by the male population, and only in those social circles that could afford owning an Arabian horse. Nowadays, with the car being the king of the road, owning a horse, even the most extraordinary one, is not a matter of prestige. This simple example illustrates that value is a perceived property. Its model necessarily must comprise at least some of the value categories: emotional, economic, and social. Among the components of the emotional category, most outstanding are beauty, durability, exclusiveness, and perhaps also a sense of belonging caused by the high cost of luxury. Each of these dimensions is complex enough to be scrutinized separately. Some people believe that beauty, whether in humans or in nature, obeys a mathematical law. Based on countless observations, it can be stated that living organisms, plants, animals, or human beings, grow according to a precise mathematical law given by the geometrical ratio of 1:1,618. It is called the Golden Ratio, or the Divine proportion, obtained by a precise mathematical procedure. Two quantities are in the Golden Ratio if their sum divided by the larger quantity is equal to 1,1618 (its reciprocal is 0,618). It is based on the Fibonacci Sequence, in which each member is a number obtained as the sum of the previous two number. By and by, any successive pair of the Fibonacci series will result in the ratio mentioned, called ÃŽÂ ¦. The interesting observation is that this ratio, ÃŽÂ ¦ = 1:1,1618, appears consistently in beautiful things in nature, architecture, the arts, or living beings. Many beautiful pictures illustrating the Phi, as well as explaining the secrets of the G olden Ratio, can be found at the Golden Ratio website. The logos of Atari, Nissan and Toyota, obeying the Golden Ratio law, the metric dimensions of paper formats, shells, credit cards, architectonic drawings, too, can be found at the Golden Ratio website. Some time ago, the press reported that Dr Marquardt, a facial surgeon from California, had constructed a mask of the human face based on ÃŽÂ ¦. This beautiful face displays the proportion everywhere: in the skull, the positioning of the eyes, the length of the nose, or the size of the teeth. The mask conforms to todays standards of beautiful faces, regardless of race. Moreover, it also agrees with pre-modern paintings, antique statues, or old-time movie stars. This might lead us to believe that facial beauty is invariant over time and across cultures. Is it then not tempting to conclude that beauty, quantified by a mathematical ratio, is not remarkable at all, that beauty is the property of the visible surface, and that philosophizing on what beauty means is a waste of time? Perhaps not quite yet. Beauty, indeed, is in the eyes of the beholder, but it goes beyond physical attractiveness, so intensely blared by the media and popular culture. Beauty in the context of luxury includes also authenticity, kindness, wisdom, happiness, love, dignity, and self-realization. The possibilities for the beautiful to be known have thus been extended infinitely. Because luxury may very well depend on this kind of beauty derived not only from physical objects, but also from human interaction perceived as valuable to a specific individual. Again, beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. Durability, too, may have a great many meanings to different individuals. A general dictionary definition (Merriam-Webster, website) states that something that is durable is able to exist for a long time without significant deterioration. These terms are technical because, indeed, durability is most often of interest to engineers and businessmen. It refers to unchanged properties or performance of a product with reference to some environmental or application-related conditions. Most often, durability of industrial products is achieved or enhanced by a proper choice of materials, clever design, and surface treatment. Durability may be a preferred property of objects including luxury objects. For instance, gems or precious metals are durable. The durability is given by their resistance to environmental influences, which is an inherent property of these materials. Durability is further corroborated by their aesthetic features. Non-objects, for instance luxury holidays, or sumptuous meals, can hardly be durable longer than what is acceptable, which is a relatively short time. Exclusiveness is a perceived property per se, but it may also be viewed as a component of durability. Exclusiveness is predominantly a product of craftsmanship applied to luxury items. This is what gives a luxury item a life. A mass-produced item, no matter how beautiful, lacks the touch of the spirit of its creator, and never makes the same impression as a hand-made object. Personalized production, combined with exquisite design, makes luxury objects invariant in time, and resistant to fashion fluctuations. Because luxury items are not available to everyone, the narrow segment of the population that can afford them makes up a virtual club. The sheer belonging to the club tickles many peoples imagination about the social status or importance they acquire if the public associates them with the exclusive club. It may or may not be so. The economic aspects of luxury seem to be simple to grasp. Luxury costs a lot of money. That is the simple conclusion most people would be tempted to draw. The actual relationships holding between luxury objects and their users are, however, vastly more complex. In the realm of economics, human beings are viewed as consumers. Their revealed preferences for various goods are considered indicators of the fact that those goods are of value. Self-evident as this statement may sound, it generates a contradiction between various political or religious influences, and a struggle over what goods should be available on the market. Market goods must be owned, if the market system is to provide information on the consensus on certain essential questions concerning individual and society, and the ecosystems affected by the market transactions. The term market goods is too constrained, as the taxonomy of goods is much more complex. First, a distinction has to be made between moral and material goods. Moral goods is anything a person is expected to be morally obligated to strive for. The study of this kind of goods belongs to the realm of ethics. People and their conduct may thus deserve praise or blame in a given system. Natural goods is any kind of goods that is palpable. The discipline that deals with natural goods is economics. Luxury goods, too, are natural goods. A complement to this is the distinction between moral and non-moral goods. A non-moral good is something that one or more individuals desire. A non-moral good may include moral goods, but includes predominantly material goods. There is a mental distinction between these two views of goods. If one says: Fred is a good pianist, and This meal was very good, the meaning of the qualifier good is not interchangeable. It has a different sense: accomplished in the former case, and delicious in the latter. Another important distinction is that between economic goods and moral goods. The former is anything that stimulates economic growth. So, for instance, alcohol has an exchange value in that it stimulates economic growth. Thus, alcohol is economically good. Since there are circumstances when it may be harmful to a persons body, and even have a negative social effect, alcohol can hardly ever be regarded as a moral goods. Several other taxonomies exist. To value, in the realm of goods, means to determine an essential type of goods, decide that things are in some relation to each other, and that one thing is better than another. Thus, to value is to prioritize. Valuations in the sense of assigning higher value to some things and lower value to other things, is a consistent pattern of deciding what is good. Being a persons manner of thinking, it is strictly individual. The manner in which a person reaches conclusions about things, and the unique pattern of thinking and assigning value is called the Value Structure. Its principal components comprise thinking about objects, discerning their different aspects, making judgment and choosing, in other words, it involves the processes of filtering, storing, and analyzing data. *** However, as the real luxury market moves into the stratosphere, its leaving open a vast universe in which mass marketers can fulfill the neo-luxury desires of mass consumers. And these consuming masses have shown strong evidence they are ready, willing and able to pay premium prices for products and services that were once considered commodities. From ice cream to bottled water, beer to potato chips, coffee to coffee pots, washing machines to power saws, there isnt a mass-market category that hasnt jumped onto the up-branding bandwagon-and a very wise jump it is. Adding a premium product to an already strong brand name is a great way to drive brand growth and drive up margins. In fact, it can cast a positive halo over the entire brand family of products, making them all seem worth more. While this incredible market opportunity was recognized most presciently by brands such as Target and Trader Joes, its no longer a trend. Thanks to the internet and other media channels, consumers have changed too: People are more informed and more worldly-wise than ever before. Theres greater awareness of whats sophisticated, whats hot and, more important, whats cool. Having long satisfied their need for the basics, midlevel American consumers are no longer content with midlevel products and services. With basic water needs satisfied, for example, American consumers want Evian, Deja Blue, Glaceau or any bottled-water brand carried in Patagonia water pouches by athletes, movie stars and politicians. Consumers may get hungry, but no basic burger will do: Nieman Ranch beef cooked on one of Frontgates sleekest grills followed by a Tassimo espresso is the only way upbranders will go. Some even think theyll be loved far better if they use Olay Regenerist and Crest Vivid White and launder their Victoria Secrets in Whirlpool Duets. On another level, given all the stresses of the world, there seems to be an increasing desire to take care of me. People want a bit of luxury however they can get it. Starbucks, early on, recognized that while not everyone can afford to go to Tiffanys, they can enjoy the small indulgence of a grande nonfat latte. The coffee costs $5-a small price to pay to treat oneself well.